Causes of the Emergence of Modern Philosophy
The emergence of modern philosophy can be attributed to the well-established historical division of eras. However, this philosophical division is not merely a historical one; it is also a cultural and political classification. The history of modern philosophy coincides with the European Renaissance and the Enlightenment, spanning from the 15th century to the late 18th century, and it also aligns with the rise of modern nation-states characterized by monarchy.
When exploring the origins of modern philosophy, one finds a close association with the principles of logical empiricism, particularly linked to the members of the Vienna Circle, including prominent figures such as Frank, Hahn, Neurath, Carnap, and Schlick. These individuals were either scientists or philosophers significantly influenced by the scientific and industrial revolutions of the early 20th century. Their admiration for science and belief in its tenets led them to reject the metaphysical concepts that were prevalent in traditional philosophy.
They distinguished between claims they deemed illogical or based on foundations that do not conform to rational thought. The most prominent of these claims was metaphysics, which could not be empirically validated. In contrast, they believed that statements could be substantiated through experience, making science the most reliable source of knowledge and experimentation the ultimate proof.
Definition of Modern Philosophy
Modern philosophy arose as a reaction against the Aristotelian philosophy that dominated the intellectual landscape of the time. However, it did not entirely reject the essence of Aristotelian thought; instead, many core concepts of Aristotelian philosophy were adopted by those who embraced modern philosophical methodologies. It is rare to find concepts introduced by modern thinkers that did not exist before the advent of modern philosophy.
Modern philosophy constitutes a pivotal stage in the history of philosophical development, fundamentally centered on humanity with an aim to elevate human values and significance. From its inception, it strived to transcend the metaphysical constructs that characterized ancient philosophy, advocating for the application of reason and logic in all matters.
Many philosophers, as well as laypeople, regard modernity as a philosophical stance rather than merely a historical period in philosophy. Michel Foucault describes modernity as an intrinsic aspect of humanity, emphasizing its importance as a means of escaping the labyrinth of the past and the shell of identity. An individual cannot surpass modernity without a profound understanding of its principles.
Factors Contributing to the Development of Modern Philosophical Thought
Two primary factors significantly contributed to the emergence and flourishing of modern philosophy:
- An increase in historical discoveries
This factor is evident in the Spanish reconquest of Andalusia and their acquisition of the Arabic heritage present there. Additionally, the geographical exploration movements, such as Ferdinand Magellan’s discovery of the route around the Cape of Good Hope and Christopher Columbus’s discovery of the Americas, opened pathways for Europe to familiarize itself with the world, thereby expanding its intellectual horizons.
- The emergence of a modern scientific spirit and the flourishing of empirical sciences
This was exemplified by Nicolaus Copernicus’s discovery of the solar system, which helped dispel numerous metaphysical notions and superstitions surrounding the sun and its motion. This development was crucial in eroding trust in inherited philosophies and sciences, particularly Aristotelian philosophy, ultimately liberating European thought from illogical traditions.