Causes of Elevated Protein Levels in Urine During Pregnancy

Causes of Elevated Protein Levels in Urine During Pregnancy

In some cases, protein levels in urine, also known as proteinuria, may temporarily increase due to non-pathological reasons. Factors such as dehydration, fever, exposure to high temperatures, or significant emotional and physical stress (such as intense exercise) can contribute to this increase. However, when it occurs in pregnant women, elevated protein levels in urine may indicate potential health issues, including the following:

Kidney or Urinary Tract Infections

During pregnancy, protein levels in urine may rise if a urinary tract infection (UTI) is present. Symptoms may include a frequent and intense urge to urinate coupled with discomfort during urination. If left untreated, this condition could progress to a kidney infection. While urinary tract infections generally do not affect fetal health, kidney infections can lead to premature labor and low birth weight. Symptoms of a kidney infection may include:

• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Fever.
• Lower back pain.

Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by a sudden increase in blood pressure, potentially leading to organ damage, including the liver or kidneys. This condition typically develops after the 20-week mark of pregnancy but may progress gradually with subtle increases in blood pressure and less noticeable symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include:

• Elevated protein levels in blood and associated kidney issues.
• Shortness of breath due to fluid accumulation in the lungs.
• Liver function abnormalities.
• Severe headaches.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Reduced urine output.
• Upper abdominal pain, usually in the right upper quadrant below the ribs.
• Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
• Visual disturbances, such as blurred vision, light sensitivity, or temporary vision loss.

HELLP Syndrome

HELLP syndrome is a serious pregnancy-related condition characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It is often associated with preeclampsia or eclampsia but can occur independently. This syndrome often leads to an increase in protein levels in urine. Without appropriate medical intervention, HELLP syndrome can result in severe complications, including premature birth, low birth weight, or stillbirth.

Risk Factors

Several factors may heighten the risk of elevated protein levels in urine during pregnancy. Notably, the changes associated with pregnancy itself can contribute, as increased blood volume places additional strain on the kidneys. Additional risk factors include:

• A personal or family history of elevated protein levels during pregnancy.
• A personal history of chronic conditions such as hypertension or diabetes (both types 1 and 2).
• A history of migraines, lupus, or other relevant health issues.
• A family history of medical conditions affecting the liver or kidneys.
• Conception through in vitro fertilization (IVF).
• A body mass index (BMI) over 30, indicating obesity.
• Multiple pregnancies (twins or more).
• A significant gap of ten years or more since the last pregnancy.
• Specific risk factors for developing preeclampsia, including:
  • A personal or family history of preeclampsia.
  • First-time pregnancy.
  • A maternal age over 35 years.

Video: Causes of Elevated Protein Levels in Urine During Pregnancy

During pregnancy, women undergo various changes, including elevated protein levels in urine. What causes this condition? Watch the video to learn more: