Circular Pronunciation (الإظهار الحلقي)
Circular pronunciation refers to the clear articulation of each letter from its designated point of articulation without any nasalization. The letters involved in this pronunciation include: أ (alif), ه (ha), ع (ain), ح (ha), غ (ghain), and خ (kha). When one of these letters occurs following a “نون ساكنة” (silent noon) or “تنوين” (nunation), the rule dictates that it should be pronounced clearly. Examples from Surah Al-Hadid include:
- In the verse – Allah Almighty said: “هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى عَلَى الْعَرْشِ يَعْلَمُ مَا يَلِجُ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا,” the instance of circular pronunciation is found in the word: “مِنْهَا.”
- In the verse – Allah Almighty stated: “وَمَا لَكُمْ أَلَّا تُنفِقُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّـهِ وَلِلَّـهِ مِيرَاثُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ لَا يَسْتَوِي مِنكُم مَّنْ أَنفَقَ مِن قَبْلِ الْفَتْحِ,” the circular pronunciation occurs in the phrase: “مَّنْ أَنفَقَ.”
- In another verse – Allah Almighty mentioned: “وَلَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا نُوحًا وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ وَجَعَلْنَا فِي ذُرِّيَّتِهِمَا النُّبُوَّةَ وَالْكِتَابَ فَمِنْهُم مُّهْتَدٍ وَكَثِيرٌ مِّنْهُمْ فَاسِقُونَ,” where the circular pronunciation appears in the word: “فَمِنْهُم.”
Concealment (الإخفاء)
Concealment involves the blending of the first letter with the second while maintaining the nasal quality. The letters that signify this rule are encapsulated in the following mnemonic:
“صف ذا ثنا كم جاد شخص قد سما *** دم طيبًا زد في تقى ضع ظالمًا.” Examples from Surah Al-Hadid include:
- In the verse – Allah Almighty stated: “يَعْلَمُ مَا يَلِجُ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْهَا وَمَا يَنزِلُ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ وَمَا يَعْرُجُ فِيهَا وَهُوَ مَعَكُمْ أَيْنَ مَا كُنتُمْ وَاللَّـهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ,” concealment can be noticed in the words “يَنزِلُ” and “كُنتُمْ.”
- Another example is in the verse – Allah Almighty said: “آمِنُوا بِاللَّـهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَأَنفِقُوا مِمَّا جَعَلَكُم مُّسْتَخْلَفِينَ فِيهِ فَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنكُمْ وَأَنفَقُوا لَهُمْ أَجْرٌ كَبِيرٌ.”
- Similarly, in the verse – Allah said: “إِن كُنتُم مُّؤْمِنِينَ.”
Assimilation (الإدغام)
Assimilation involves merging a silent letter with a following pronounced letter to form a single strengthened letter. This phenomenon can be divided into two categories: assimilation with nasal quality, associated letters can be found in the word ينمو, and assimilation without nasal quality, particularly seen with the letters ل (lam) and ر (ra). Instances from Surah Al-Hadid include:
- In the verse – Allah Almighty stated: “يَوْمَ يَقُولُ الْمُنَافِقُونَ وَالْمُنَافِقَاتُ لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا انظُرُونَا نَقْتَبِسْ مِن نُّورِكُمْ.”
- In another verse – Allah said: “سَابِقُوا إِلَى مَغْفِرَةٍ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ وَجَنَّةٍ عَرْضُهَا كَعَرْضِ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ أُعِدَّتْ لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِاللَّـهِ وَرُسُلِهِ ذَلِكَ فَضْلُ اللَّـهِ يُؤْتِيهِ مَن يَشَاءُ وَاللَّـهُ ذُو الْفَضْلِ الْعَظِيمِ.”
- Also, in the verse – Allah Almighty stated: “مَا أَصَابَ مِن مُّصِيبَةٍ.”
- In the verse – Allah said: “الَّذِينَ يَبْخَلُونَ وَيَأْمُرُونَ النَّاسَ بِالْبُخْلِ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ فَإِنَّ اللَّـهَ هُوَ الْغَنِيُّ الْحَمِيدُ.”
- Lastly, in the verse – Allah Almighty stated: “وَلِيَعْلَمَ اللَّـهُ مَن يَنصُرُهُ وَرُسُلَهُ بِالْغَيْبِ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ قَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ.”
Conversion (الإقلاب)
Conversion involves the reader transforming a silent noon or nunation into a concealed mim with a nasal quality. The letter associated with this rule is ب (baa), and it may occur within a word or across two words. This can be illustrated in Surah Al-Hadid with the verse – Allah Almighty said: “لَا يَسْتَوِي مِنكُم مَّنْ أَنفَقَ مِن قَبْلِ الْفَتْحِ وَقَاتَلَ أُولَـئِكَ أَعْظَمُ دَرَجَةً مِّنَ الَّذِينَ أَنفَقُوا مِن بَعْدُ.”