The Last Surah Revealed in Mecca
Scholarly opinions differ regarding the chronological order of Meccan and Medinan surahs, particularly in relation to which verses were revealed first. However, a predominant view held by Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) identifies Surah Al-Ankabut as the last revealed surah in Mecca. In contrast, both Ata and Al-Dhahak assert that it is Surah Al-Mu’minun, while Mujahid claims it to be Surah Al-Mutaffifin.
Characteristics of Meccan and Medinan Qur’an
There are distinct features that differentiate Meccan surahs from Medinan ones, including the length of verses and the topics they address. Below are some characteristics of the two types of surahs:
- Medinan Surahs: These surahs are characterized by longer verses and a substantial focus on issues related to hypocrites, Jews, and Christians. They cover Islamic legal rulings such as divorce and inheritance, among other legislative matters. Additionally, these surahs frequently engage the faithful with divine addresses and explore topics of warfare, jihad, and perseverance, as well as the details of treaties, financial regulations, and international affairs.
- Meccan Surahs: In contrast, Meccan surahs feature shorter verses and emphasize the majesty and power of Allah. They guide believers toward obedience and worship, often addressing humanity collectively with phrases like “O mankind.” These surahs reflect the circumstances of Muslims in Mecca, warning against pre-Islamic customs and tribal biases.
Importance of Understanding Meccan and Medinan Surahs
Recognizing the timing and location of the surahs’ revelations holds significant value for students of the Qur’an. Some key benefits include:
- Understanding the differentiation between abrogating and abrogated verses, which is crucial for scholars of Islamic jurisprudence in discerning foundational legal principles.
- Gaining insight into Allah’s wisdom in gradually instituting laws or prohibiting certain immoral acts. Analyzing the chronological revelation of decisive verses reveals Allah’s meticulous ordering and wisdom in detailing specific rulings, such as the obligations of prayer and fasting, as well as the prohibitions against vices like alcohol consumption and incestuous marriages.
- Instilling confidence in Muslims that the Qur’an they possess is the same revelation recited by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and transmitted by his companions. The companions’ diligence in recording the timing of the verses’ revelations underscores their commitment to preserving, reciting, and conveying the teachings as originally received.