The Moroccan Culture
Morocco stands out as an Arab nation rich in various folk arts and traditions, influenced by its diverse customs and dialects. This diversity is largely due to its geographical location, which serves as a bridge between Europe and the Arab East. Historically, Morocco has been a hub of civilization, tracing back to ancient cultures and Islamic conquests, each leaving an indelible mark on the country’s customs and heritage. As a result, the Moroccan music scene is as varied as its diverse population, featuring an array of musical genres and numerous festivals dedicated to authentic Moroccan music. These events not only celebrate the beauty of Moroccan art but also aim to preserve its rich musical traditions, which are at risk of fading amid globalization. The renowned Moroccan musical style, known as “tarab,” enjoys a notable reputation both regionally and internationally. In this article, we will explore the musical instruments that define traditional Moroccan music.
Styles of Music in Morocco
The variety of Moroccan music reflects the multilingual and multicultural landscape of the kingdom, where each dialect is associated with specific instruments, attire, rhythms, and melodies. Due to its cultural richness, Morocco boasts an extraordinary diversity of musical expressions. Some of the prominent styles include Andalusian music, Gharnati music, Marrakech’s guembri rhythms, Highland Aita, Malhoun, Aissawa, Gnawa, and Sufi spiritual music, in addition to Amazigh music. Each musical genre is accompanied by unique instruments that shape its sound. These instruments have deep roots, maintained through generations, and exploring Moroccan music can transport listeners to Andalusian, Greco-Roman, or even ancient Egyptian cultural atmospheres.
Instruments of Authentic Moroccan Tarab
The array of Moroccan musical instruments is vast, with each carrying its unique history. Among the notable instruments that accompany Moroccan tarab are:
Kanbari
The kanbari resembles the Egyptian oud and is one of the stringed instruments. It is an ancient instrument that features a soundbox shaped like a tortoise shell, covered in resistant leather, and equipped with a long neck holding three strings. The origins of the kanbari can be traced back to Egypt, introduced to Morocco during the Roman era, as evidenced by various inscriptions and illustrations found in the country. Notable variants of the kanbari include Hoj Hoj, Gnawa, and Sous.
Bendir
The bendir is a type of percussion instrument, similar to a large tambourine, crafted from wood and goat leather. The tension on the leather allows it to withstand strong rhythmic beats when played. Traditionally, the bendir is utilized in praise and Sufi music.
Knbouz
The knbouz is a stringed instrument inherited from cultures that spread from Yemen, India, and Pakistan during ancient times, with Persian influences. It consists of a pear-shaped wooden box crafted from a single piece of wood, with a slightly elongated neck featuring frets and two strings, creating a distinctive sound.
Taarija
Recognized as a vital percussion instrument, the taarija is integral to authentic Moroccan heritage. Constructed from leather and clay, it features beautiful engravings specific to its region of manufacture. The taarija is commonly played in Andalusian music, Marrakech rhythms, and Aita, and is present at various social functions, especially during festive celebrations.
Rabab or Rababa
The rabab is an ancient, single-stringed instrument historically used by shepherds and nomads. It shares similarities with the oud but features just one string. The instrument consists of a flat or oval wooden soundbox covered with animal skin and a long neck that holds the string. It is played using a bow made from olive wood, strung with horsehair. The rabab has ties to Andalusian music and was brought to Morocco in the 12th century by Arabs from Andalusia, while in Southern Morocco, it is referred to as rabab Soussi, associated with Amazigh music. The rabab is a medium for passing down the songs of shepherds and traditional stories in various dialects.
Oud
The Moroccan oud varies significantly from its Eastern counterpart, yet both instruments are highly regarded in music. The Moroccan oud, also known as oud sand or qouitra, is smaller, more elongated, and features a single resonator and four double strings made from animal gut. Musicians recognize it with four distinctive notes: C, D, E, and A. It is important to note that the Eastern oud has a larger oval wooden body with a shorter neck and consists of three resonators and six double strings made from nylon.
Ghayta
The ghayta is a wind instrument resembling a traditional flute, produced with several holes that create a sharp tone when played. This instrument is particularly suited for outdoor performances and is predominantly crafted in the city of Ouezzane, renowned for its production in Morocco. Notably, the ghayta often accompanies the use of another flute known as the “lira.”
Nifar or Nafir
The nifar, often referred to as a trumpet made of brass, is a well-known instrument, especially in the Mediterranean region where it has historical military applications. In contemporary Morocco, it is particularly used during Aissawa celebrations, especially during the blessed month of Ramadan.
Percussion Instruments
In addition to the taarija and bendir, other percussion instruments, such as tablats—constructed from clay, leather, or wood—vary in size and rhythm, contributing to the diverse soundscape of Moroccan music.
Marrakech Daqa
Marrakech daqa has gained significant recognition both within and beyond Marrakech, especially during popular events and weddings. A typical daqa ensemble consists of over twenty musicians utilizing various instruments like the qarqab and a larger bendir. The qarqab, made of two metallic plates held between the fingers, is played by an individual who moves through the group both slowly and quickly, accompanied by large drums, universal rhythms, and fast-paced movements. The duration of a daqa performance typically lasts half an hour, beginning slowly and crescendoing in speed.
Moroccan Gnawa
This musical genre draws its name from the slaves of Guinea who settled in Morocco, particularly in its southern regions. The rhythms of gnawa music bear resemblances to those of African savanna tribes, utilizing instruments like the “kankah,” akin to a large drum, alongside the traditional “hijhij” or taarija and the qarqab. This genre is especially popular in Marrakech, Essaouira, Rabat, and Meknes, reflecting the limitless scope of Moroccan music and genuine tarab.
Video of Types of Musical Instruments
Watch the video to discover unique types of musical instruments you may not have encountered before: