Causes of Peptic Ulcers
Peptic ulcers can develop in the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or lower esophagus due to a variety of factors. Generally, these ulcers arise from inflammation linked to an infection from the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or erosion caused by stomach acids. Below, we outline some of the primary causes of peptic ulcers:
Helicobacter pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori is considered the primary cause of peptic ulcers, as it damages the stomach lining and allows stomach acid to harm the digestive tract. Infection can occur through contaminated food, water, utensils, saliva, or other bodily fluids from an infected person. Notably, this bacterium can reside in the body for several years without causing symptoms or the development of an ulcer. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, can impair the stomach’s ability to produce a protective mucus layer. Additionally, these medications can reduce blood flow to the stomach, diminishing the body’s capacity to repair its cells.
Other Contributing Factors
Several other factors may also contribute to the development of peptic ulcers, including:
- Alcohol consumption.
- Smoking.
- Intake of spicy and seasoned foods.
- Concurrent use of certain medications with NSAIDs, including steroids, anticoagulants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, alendronic acid, and risedronate.
- Radiation therapy.
- Stomach cancer.
- Genetic predisposition.
- Psychological stress, which, while not a direct cause of ulcers, can exacerbate their symptoms.
- Long-term or excessive use of corticosteroids.
- Individuals with blood type A may be at a higher risk for developing gastric ulcers for unknown reasons.
Symptoms of Peptic Ulcers
Individuals with peptic ulcers may experience various symptoms, including:
- Pain, characterized by:
- A dull or burning sensation in the abdominal area.
- Often felt when the stomach is empty.
- Lasting for minutes or hours.
- Relieved by consuming milk, food, or antacids.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Loss of appetite.
- Abdominal bloating.
- Unexplained weight loss.