Key Works of Niccolò Machiavelli
The following are some of the notable works by Niccolò Machiavelli:
The Prince
This work is considered Machiavelli’s most significant contribution, playing a crucial role in his reputation within both academic and political circles. Written in 1513 and officially published in 1532, the main premise of the book revolves around assisting rulers in reclaiming their authority and expanding their influence. Machiavelli dedicated this book to the Medici ruler, and his perspective is far from idealistic. In fact, philosophers have noted that he distinctly separates morality from politics. The essence of the book lies in examining the pragmatic options available for maintaining power without relying on idealistic notions.
Essentially, it asserts that politics concerns itself with reality as it is, rather than as it should be. It’s important to highlight the book’s significance within the domain of international relations and diplomacy. The Arabic translation includes detailed explanations and annotations. Despite its relatively small size of just 150 pages, it serves as a reference point for anyone interested in studying realist political thought.
Key Ideas Explored in The Prince
The book is divided into several chapters that illustrate its core concepts, including the following:
Types of Government and Methods of Establishment
In this section, Machiavelli clarifies that states can be hereditary or republican. The process of expansion typically involves the annexation of neighboring cities, which can occur through force or gradual integration. Machiavelli encourages rulers to employ force when necessary, justifying violence in certain contexts.
Hereditary Kingdoms
Machiavelli notes from historical facts that rulers of hereditary kingdoms often face fewer challenges, as the population is familiar with the ruling family. However, he highlights the difficulties encountered in newly acquired territories, where subjects are unaccustomed to new leadership.
Mixed Kingdoms
This section pertains to the fusion of new kingdoms with older ones. Machiavelli describes the inherent challenges faced by rulers in these situations; while subjects may initially accept the new king under the hope of improved conditions, a failure to meet these expectations could lead to rebellion. He also warns that even former allies can become adversaries if their interests are not met. He states, “Thus, those affected by a conflict you’ve initiated will turn against you, and you will lose the support of those who assisted you in acquiring this portion of the kingdom, as you cannot fulfill their aspirations.”
Why the Kingdom of Darius, Conquered by Alexander, Did Not Revolt After His Death
In this chapter, Machiavelli elaborates on the types of governance in new kingdoms and the political challenges that rulers may face, including the existence of a prior ruling family. He concludes that overcoming this legacy can reduce difficulties, as even former supporters of the previous dynasty will not pose a threat in the future.
Machiavelli illustrates this point through the example of the challenges of invading Turkey, where a deeply rooted ruling family and established princes complicate the conquest. He concludes, “If this family were eradicated, nothing would remain for the new ruler to fear.”
The Art of War
The Art of War represents Machiavelli’s second major work, though it is less well-known than The Prince. Spanning approximately 320 pages, the French philosopher Voltaire remarked, “Machiavelli taught Europe the art of war that we have long practiced but did not understand before.”
Machiavelli emphasizes the authority of warfare, asserting, “No one should treat warfare as a commercial endeavor except the prince or ruler. If the ruler is a wise man, he will not permit any of his subjects to pursue it as a profession.” From this perspective, Machiavelli underscores that warfare involves arts and strategic methods, where each action must be thoroughly planned. The crucial chapters include:
- Continuous Praise of Antiquity by Fabrizio
This section examines the dire circumstances facing the Italian army, as Machiavelli calls for the revival of its former glory, outlining the characteristics of its officers and organizational methods.
- Armament and Training of Militia
This phase is vital to ensure the army is fully prepared for combat.
- A Detailed Study of Classical Warfare
In this section, Machiavelli revisits classic military thought, correcting perceived errors and providing critiques.
- Military Organization
This chapter clarifies the strategic plans and tactics that a leader should employ not only in combat but also in preparation for war.
- Establishing Camps
Machiavelli discusses the logistics of securing supplies and the procedures for setting up and dismantling military camps.
- Offense and Defense
This section elaborates on tactics for attacking cities and fortresses, as well as defensive strategies in inverse situations.