Muharram
The month of Muharram is named so because it is considered a sacred month. It carries a particular significance, as historically, the Arabs would alternate between declaring it permissible and unlawful. This duality of status is noted by Al-Sakhawi in his well-known work on the names of days and months.
Safar
Safar is recognized as the second month of the Hijri calendar. Its name derives from the fact that during this time, the dwellings of the Arabs would become empty, as they would leave in search of food and livelihood after the conclusion of the sacred months. Additionally, many would flee from the oppressive summer heat.
Rabi’ al-Awwal
Rabi’ al-Awwal is the third month of the Hijri calendar and is named in connection with the Arab tradition of settling during this season. The term refers to the establishment of life during the spring months. It is also noted that the name emerged in relation to the autumn season, hence the designation of “al-Awwal” (the first).
Rabi’ al-Thani
Rabi’ al-Thani is the fourth month of the Hijri calendar. Like its predecessor, its name reflects its association with the spring season. Interestingly, “Rabi’ al-Thani” is favored over “Rabi’ al-Sani” (second) because the latter implies the existence of a third, despite only two spring months being recognized.
Jumada al-Awwal
Jumada al-Awwal is the fifth month of the Hijri calendar. This name is derived from the winter season when water would freeze due to the frigid temperatures, hence the term “Jumada,” meaning to freeze.
Jumada al-Thani
Jumada al-Thani, the sixth month of the Hijri calendar, was named for the same reasons as Jumada al-Awwal. The term “al-Thani” is considered more accurate than “al-Sani” since there are only two months designated as Jumada, and the implication of a third would be misleading.
Rajab
Rajab is the seventh month of the Hijri calendar. Its name is rooted in the historical reverence the Arabs held for this period, with “tarjib” meaning to honor or venerate. Prior to being called Rajab, it was referred to as “al-Asamm,” indicating a period free from warfare.
Sha’ban
Sha’ban is identified as the eighth month of the Hijri calendar. The name is indicative of a time when the Arabs would disperse for raiding and conflict, especially as the sacred months came to an end.
Ramadan
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Hijri calendar and holds significant importance as it is the month in which fasting is obligatory for Muslims, as prescribed by Allah. The name derives from “Ramda,” which refers to the intense heat experienced during this month.
Shawwal
Shawwal is the tenth month of the Hijri calendar, with its first day marking the celebration of Eid al-Fitr. The name Shawwal is attributed to two meanings: one being that the camels would raise their tails in search of mating, and the other suggesting that their milk would decrease.
Dhu al-Qi’dah
Dhu al-Qi’dah is recognized as the eleventh month of the Hijri calendar. This name originates from the traditional practice of the Arabs to refrain from combat during this month, abstaining from warfare and raids.
Dhu al-Hijjah
Dhu al-Hijjah is the twelfth and final month of the Hijri calendar. Its name is significant as it coincides with the pilgrimage season, which is an obligatory act for every capable Muslim.