Valley of the Kings
The ancient Egyptians constructed numerous secret underground tombs, among which the most renowned is the Valley of the Kings. This site is situated on the western bank of the Nile River, near the city of Luxor. The Valley of the Kings served as a burial ground for pharaonic rulers, including Tutankhamun, as well as for royal queens, high priests, and members of the elite class. The valley is home to approximately 60 tombs, which were filled with material goods that, according to their beliefs, would assist the rulers in the afterlife. Among these treasures were the famous gold masks discovered in the tomb of King Tutankhamun.
Step Pyramid of Djoser
The Step Pyramid of Djoser is located in the Saqqara necropolis, the ancient capital of Egypt, Memphis. Constructed in the 27th century BC, it is recognized as the oldest known pyramid, with its stepped sides serving as a blueprint for later pyramids built in Giza. Designed by Djoser’s chief architect, the pyramid was intended to house the remains of Pharaoh Djoser. Standing at a height of 63 meters, it was the tallest building of its time and represents a significant example of ancient stone architecture.
Great Pyramids of Giza
Situated on the outskirts of Cairo, the Great Pyramids of Giza consist of three principal pyramids: Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. The largest of these is the Pyramid of Khufu, also known as the Great Pyramid, which is recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and remains the only one still standing. Each pyramid serves as a tomb for ancient Egyptian pharaohs. In front of the pyramids lies the Sphinx, a colossal statue carved from a single block of stone. The construction of the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx occurred approximately 4,500 years ago during the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt’s Old Kingdom.
Valley of the Queens
Adjacent to the Valley of the Kings, the Valley of the Queens is another significant site of ancient pharaonic tombs. This valley contains the burial sites of princes, princesses, and royal court figures, with queens being interred there at a later date. It is estimated that around a hundred tombs can be found in this area, with the most notable being the tomb of Nefertari, wife of Pharaoh Ramesses II. Nefertari’s tomb is particularly famous for its exquisite astronomical frescoes adorning the walls and ceiling.