Regulations Regarding Shortening Prayer
Shortening prayer refers to the practice of performing four-unit prayers (Rakats) as two units (Rakats). This practice is a specific allowance granted to travelers, permitting them to either complete the four-unit prayer or reduce it to two, under defined rules, conditions, and methods.
The Ruling on Shortening Prayer
For travelers, shortening prayer is a confirmed Sunnah established by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), who consistently practiced this during his travels. There is no evidence contradicting this practice. However, if a traveler is present for a congregational prayer, attending that prayer is preferable over shortening it. The obligation of congregational prayer applies equally to travelers as it does to residents. Should the traveler pray behind an Imam who is a resident, they must complete their prayer.
Conditions and Characteristics of Shortening Prayer
The consensus among scholars is that the Fajr and Maghrib prayers are exceptions to the rule of shortening prayer, meaning they should be performed in full. For the remaining obligatory prayers, it is preferable for travelers to shorten them, although they have the option to complete them as well. However, certain conditions must be met for one to be eligible for this concession:
Firstly, the distance of travel must be at least 80 or 83 kilometers, regardless of how long it takes to cover this distance. It is permissible to complete this distance in one hour without issue. Additionally, the purpose of travel must be lawful, such as seeking a livelihood, performing Hajj or Umrah, or pursuing knowledge. If the travel is for unlawful purposes, such as committing a crime, then one cannot shorten their prayers.
Travelers are allowed to shorten their prayers upon leaving their hometown, not merely based on the intention to travel. They may continue to shorten their prayers at their destination unless they intend to stay longer than four days or have a spouse residing there. It is worth noting that travelers are permitted to perform voluntary prayers, whether they are unrestricted or restricted, and they can also observe the Sunnah prayers, as clarified by the majority of scholars.