Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders
Most cases of miscarriage can be attributed to irregular development of the fetus, with over 50% of instances resulting from chromosomal abnormalities, either an excess or deficiency in chromosome number. It is important to note that these disorders often occur during fetal development and are not typically inherited from either parent. Chromosomal problems often lead to the following outcomes:
- Empty gestational sac, which signifies the absence of fetal development.
- Fetal demise within the uterus, where the fetus ceases to grow and passes away prior to the manifestation of miscarriage symptoms.
- Partial or complete molar pregnancy, which is classified as a non-viable pregnancy requiring intervention from a healthcare professional.
External Factors
External factors, including lifestyle choices and certain injuries, may also contribute to miscarriage. This is particularly common during the second trimester of pregnancy. Below are some of the factors that can hinder normal fetal development and consequently lead to miscarriage:
- Poor nutrition.
- Advanced maternal age.
- Alcohol consumption.
- Use of illegal substances.
- Obesity.
- Exposure to trauma.
- Cervical issues.
- Abnormalities in uterine shape.
- Severe hypertension.
- Food poisoning.
- Intake of specific medications.
- Failure to manage blood sugar levels.
- Neglecting thyroid gland problems.
- Existing conditions like lupus, kidney disease, or antiphospholipid syndrome.
- Infections, including measles, syphilis, HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, malaria, and others.
Additional Causes
In addition to the aforementioned factors, several other elements may lead to miscarriage, detailed as follows:
- Placental issues: The placenta is responsible for transferring nutrient-rich blood and oxygen from the mother to the fetus. Therefore, any complications in its development or function can result in fetal loss.
- Presence of fibroids in the uterus.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), commonly known as ovarian cysts.