Tools That Impose a Single Action
The tools that impose a single action consist of letters that have no grammatical function.
لم
The letter “لم” is a jussive particle that governs the present verb and indicates negation, transforming the meaning from the present to the past. For instance:
- لم يحفظْ عمار الدرس.
- لم ينتهِ المعلم من كتابة الأسئلة.
- جاء المعلمان ولم يلاحظا أن بعض الطلاب لا يزالون في ساحة المدرسة.
Grammatical Analysis of لم: A jussive particle fixed in motion with no grammatical position.
لمّا
“لمّا” is a jussive tool that negates an action in the past, with the negation continuing through to the moment of speaking and anticipating future occurrence. For example:
- حضر الباحث ولمّا ينهِ بحثه.
- قرأت الرواية ولمّا أقمْ بتحليلها.
- وصل المتسابقون ولمّا يعلنْ صاحب المركز الأول رسميًا.
Grammatical Analysis of لمّا: A jussive particle fixed in motion with no grammatical position.
لام الأمر
The “لام الأمر” indicates a request, as seen in expressions like:
- لنساعدْ الفقراء.
- لننجزْ ما طُلب منا.
- لتحققوا أهدافكم.
Grammatical Analysis of لام الأمر: A jussive particle fixed in motion with no grammatical position.
لا الناهية
This letter is used to prohibit actions and serves as the opposite of command, such as:
- قوله تعالى: (ربّنا لا تؤاخذْنا).
- طالبة لزميلتها: لا تتأخري.
- لا تنهَ عن خلق وتأتي مثله.
Grammatical Analysis of لا الناهية: A jussive particle fixed in motion with no grammatical position.
Tools That Impose Two Actions
All these tools are conditional expressions that govern two actions (the conditional action and the consequential action), with all but “إنْ” and “إذما” being nouns.
إنْ
“إنْ” is a jussive conditional particle that governs two actions (the conditional action and its response), such as:
إن تتوبا يغفرْ الله لكما.
In this case, “إن” is a jussive conditional particle fixed in motion with no grammatical position.
تتوبا: the conditional verb is jussive, marked by the stripping of the last vowel.
يغفرْ: the response verb is jussive, indicated by its fixed position.
إذما
“إذما” is a jussive conditional particle that has no grammatical position and is fixed in motion.
إذما تبحثْ تجدْ ضالتك.
In this context, “إذما” serves as a jussive conditional particle without a grammatical position.
تبحثْ and تجدْ: both the conditional and response verbs are jussive.
مَن
“مَن” is a jussive conditional noun used for animate subjects, governing two actions. It can be analyzed as either the subject in nominative case (if it precedes a transitive verb that takes a direct object) or as an object if it precedes a transitive verb without a direct object. For instance:
من يكرمْك أكرمْه.
Here, “من” is a jussive conditional noun in the nominative case as it precedes a transitive verb that fulfills its object.
يكرمْ: the conditional verb is jussive.
أكرمْ: the imperative verb serves as the response to the condition.
متى وأيّان
These are jussive conditional nouns that govern two actions and indicate a timeframe, always analyzed in the accusative case as a time circumstance (adverb of time), such as:
متى تأتنا تجدْنا في انتظارك.
متى is a jussive conditional noun structured in the accusative case as a time circumstance.
تأتِ: the conditional verb is jussive.
تجدْ: the response verb is also jussive.
أيّ
This is a jussive conditional noun and is unique in being inflected (its movement changes depending on its grammatical case based on what it is added to). It remains attached to supplementation and is determined by subsequent transitive or intransitive verbs, such as:
أيُّ متسابقٍ يفزْ يكرّمْ.
Here, “أيُّ” is a subject raised by virtue of its attached structure, defining it as a conditional noun that leads to animate words and intransitive verbs.
أيّ وقتٍ تصلْ أزودْك بالوثائق.
In this sentence, “أيَّ” serves as a time circumstance in the accusative case and influences a conditional noun that proceeds to anchor time through its verbs.
كيفما
This jussive conditional noun governs two actions, typically indicating a manner, and can be analyzed in different roles. For instance:
كيفما تسرْ أسرْ. (indicating manner)
كيفما: a jussive conditional noun fixed in motion functioning in the accusative case as a manner.
تسرْ, أسرْ: both the conditional and response verbs are jussive.
كيفما تجلسْ أجلسْ. (expressing the meaning of a noun, which can imply any sitting)
Here, “كيفما” operates as a jussive conditional noun in the accusative serving as an absolute object.
تجلسْ, أجلسْ: both verbs remain jussive.
كيفما يكنْ الأمرْ أكنْ. (where it is followed by an incomplete verb)
كيفما: this operates as a jussive conditional noun in the nominative serving as a subject to “يكن”.
يكنْ, أكنْ: both actions are marked as jussive verbs.
أين وأينما وأنّى وحيثما
These are jussive conditional nouns signifying location and typically analyzed in the accusative case as a spatial circumstance, such as:
أنّى تزرعْ تحصدْ.
Here, “أنّى” serves as a jussive conditional noun fixed in motion operating as a location circumstance.
تزرعْ: the conditional verb is jussive.
تحصدْ: the response verb is also jussive.
ما ومهما
These are jussive conditional nouns governing two actions and apply to inanimate subjects. They can be analyzed as either the subject in the nominative case (if preceding a complete or transitive verb) or as an object if connected to a transitive verb that lacks a direct object, for example:
مهما تقدّم من جهد تجدْه.
In this case, “مهما” is a jussive conditional noun fixed in motion and placed in the accusative case due to the following incomplete verb.
تقدّم, تجد: both verbs are marked jussive.
ما يصدرْ عنك من كلام تحاسبْ عليه.
Here, “ما” serves as a jussive conditional noun in the nominative case as it precedes an intransitive verb.
يصدرْ, تحاسبْ: both verbs remain jussive.