Causes and Treatment of Runny Nose

Causes and Treatment of a Runny Nose

A runny nose, or rhinorrhea, is characterized by the excessive secretion of nasal mucus, exceeding normal levels. This often results in mucus flowing out of the nostrils or trickling down the back of the throat, or in some cases, both. The viscosity of the mucus can range from thin, clear fluid to thick, yellowish fluid. It’s important to note that mucus is a naturally occurring substance produced continuously by the nasal passages and sinuses to maintain moisture. Typically, it drains into the throat and is swallowed without notice. However, various factors or health conditions can lead to increased mucus production, resulting in a runny nose. The choice of treatment for a runny nose largely depends on the underlying cause or health issue. Below, we highlight some causes of a runny nose along with recommended treatment options based on these causes:

Allergies

Allergies are defined as the body’s immune response to specific substances known as allergens, which can include pet dander, grass, and dust. When individuals inhale, ingest, or come into contact with an allergen, their immune system reacts as if it has encountered a pathogenic threat, such as a bacteria, resulting in symptoms including a runny nose. Various treatments are available to mitigate allergy symptoms, with the primary recommendation being to avoid known allergens when possible. This can be determined through allergy testing. If avoidance is not feasible, the following medications may alleviate symptoms, though consultation with a healthcare professional is advisable before use:

• Steroid nasal sprays: These have a steroid component that may be recommended by a physician to help alleviate allergy symptoms, including a runny nose.
• Antihistamines: These medications help reduce itching and sneezing; some can be purchased without a prescription, while others require one.
• Allergy shots: In severe allergy cases, these injections can help mitigate symptoms or even provide a long-term solution.

Common Cold

The common cold is a viral infection that primarily affects the upper respiratory system, particularly the throat and nasal passages. While the symptoms can be bothersome, colds are typically non-serious and resolve without medical intervention. Numerous viruses can cause colds, and symptoms often vary among individuals. Symptoms usually appear one to three days post-exposure and can include a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, and mild fever. Some individuals may also experience mild headaches or general body aches.

It’s important to note that there is no specific treatment for the common cold; instead, symptom relief can be achieved through over-the-counter medications, drinking warm fluids, resting, and potentially taking vitamin C supplements. Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections like the common cold and should only be used for bacterial infections.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is the inflammation or swelling of the tissues lining the sinuses, often resulting from blockage and fluid accumulation, which can lead to bacterial growth and infection. Mild cases of sinusitis can generally be managed through preventive care, including:

• Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids.
• Ensuring adequate rest.
• Using pain relievers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. Aspirin should be avoided in children under 16 years of age.
• Employing nasal sprays or drops containing decongestants to alleviate nasal congestion.
• Utilizing saline sprays or solutions to cleanse nasal passages.

In more severe cases, additional medications may be prescribed by a physician, which could include:

• Steroid nasal sprays or drops: These help reduce inflammation in the sinuses.
• Antihistamines: These are prescribed if symptoms are due to allergic reactions.
• Antibiotics: Prescribed when a bacterial infection is present or to prevent complications; however, sinusitis is commonly caused by viral infections, making antibiotics unnecessary in most cases.

Deviated Septum

A deviated septum refers to an uneven or crooked partition between the nostrils, which can lead to recurrent sinus infections and nasal congestion. This issue may arise from a direct nasal injury or can be congenital. Physicians often recommend treatments such as steroid nasal sprays or antihistamines to alleviate symptoms. Surgical correction may be necessary if other treatments are ineffective.

Influenza

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses, which can affect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. Symptoms often include nasal congestion or discharge, sore throat, headache, cough, body aches, fatigue, fever, and chills. Young children with influenza may also experience vomiting and diarrhea.

Most flu cases do not require extensive treatment and usually resolve independently. Mild cases can be managed through rest and avoiding close contact with others, while severe cases warrant medical attention. If symptoms persist, worsen, or there are risk factors for complications, a healthcare provider may prescribe antiviral medications. These are most effective if taken within two days of symptom onset, as they can reduce symptom severity and promote faster recovery, minimizing the likelihood of serious complications.

Non-Allergic Rhinitis

Non-allergic rhinitis is a collective term for various types of nasal inflammation that are not caused by allergens. Thus, it does not trigger an immune response characteristic of allergies. Individuals may exhibit allergy-like symptoms with negative allergy test results. Common triggers for non-allergic rhinitis may include:

• Exercise.
• Cold weather.
• Side effects of certain medications.
• Consumption of spicy foods.
• Exposure to air pollution or smoke.
• Hormonal changes such as those during pregnancy.

In many cases, no treatment is necessary for non-allergic rhinitis. However, if symptoms persist or become bothersome, consultation with a healthcare provider may be warranted, and medications such as antihistamine nasal sprays, steroid nasal sprays, or ipratropium may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms.

Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are non-cancerous growths in the nasal and sinus linings, typically soft and painless. Their formation is often linked to inflammation of the mucous membranes and can result in a runny nose and postnasal drip. Symptoms associated with nasal polyps may include:

• Snoring.
• Persistent nasal congestion.
• Loss of taste or smell.
• Recurrent nosebleeds.
• Facial pressure or pain.
• Pain in the upper teeth.
• Headaches or facial discomfort.

Treatment for nasal polyps may involve prescribing antibiotics if there are associated sinus infections, along with steroid nasal sprays to decrease their size. Surgical removal may be considered in severe cases.

Overuse of Nasal Sprays

Prolonged use of nasal sprays containing decongestants for more than 3-5 days can lead to rebound congestion, where symptoms worsen upon discontinuation of the medication. Additionally, excessive use can trigger chronic sinus infections accompanied by a runny nose. Symptoms may improve within days or weeks after stopping the nasal spray.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

RSV is a common virus that leads to respiratory infections, often presenting mild symptoms resembling a cold. While most people recover within one to two weeks, RSV is a significant cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants under one year old. Treatment options for RSV infections may include:

• Fever-reducing medications.
• Ensuring adequate fluid intake.
• Saline nasal drops.
• Antibiotics if bacterial complications occur, such as bacterial pneumonia.
• Hospitalization for severe cases.

When to See a Doctor

Most instances of a runny nose do not require medical attention and typically resolve on their own. However, there are rare occasions when it may indicate a more serious health concern that necessitates a consultation with a physician. Seek medical advice if the following complications arise:

• High fever.
• Symptoms persist beyond ten days.
• Nasal discharge is yellow or green and accompanied by fever and sinus pain, indicating a potential bacterial infection.
• Bland or clear discharge continues following a head injury.
• Congestion is paired with vision disturbances or swelling in the forehead, eyes, or sides of the nose or cheeks.
• Worsening sore throat accompanied by white or yellow patches in the throat or tonsils.
• Persistent cough producing yellow, green, or gray mucus lasting over ten days.
• Unusual or severe symptoms develop.

Video: Treating Sneezing and a Runny Nose

Do you find yourself sneezing frequently? Or are you struggling with persistent nasal discharge? Multiple factors could be contributing to this issue! What are the solutions?