The Key Components of Praise and Blame Style
The style of praise and blame employs specific verbs aimed at commending or criticizing a particular subject. This style comprises three essential components:
- The verb of praise or blame.
- The subject (the one performing the action).
- The specific entity being praised or blamed.
For example: “Yes, honesty is commendable,” and “Indeed, deceit is reprehensible.”
Uses and Grammatical Analysis of Praise and Blame Verbs
The verbs of praise include “Naim” and “Hubbadha,” as in “Naim, my friend Ahmad,” and “Hubbadha, honesty.” In contrast, the verbs of blame are “Bais,” “La Hubbadha,” and “Sa’a,” illustrated by “Bais, betrayal” and “La Hubbadha, deceit.” Each of these verbs can be analyzed grammatically as follows:
- Naim
This is a past tense verb sealed for praise, constructed on an apparent fatḥa (ــَ).
- Hubbadha
This consists of “Hubb” + “Dhā,” and is analyzed as: “Hubb,” a past tense verb sealed for praise, constructed on an apparent fatḥa (ــَ).
- Bais
This is a past tense verb sealed for blame, constructed on an apparent fatḥa (ــَ).
- Sa’a
This is also a past tense verb sealed for blame, constructed on an apparent fatḥa (ــَ).
- La Hubbadha
This consists of “La Hubb” + “Dhā,” and is analyzed as:
A past tense verb sealed for blame, constructed on an apparent fatḥa (ــَ).
The Subject in Praise and Blame Styles Using “Hubbadha” and “La Hubbadha”
When employing the verbs “Hubbadha” or “La Hubbadha,” the subject remains consistent and is always tied to these verbs. The subject here is “Dhā,” an index word, which remains unchanged regardless of whether the specific entity is singular, plural, dual, masculine, or feminine. For example: “Hubbadha, the fighter,” “Hubbadha, the fighters,” “Hubbadha, the female fighters,” “Hubbadha, the fighting woman,” and “Hubbadha, the two fighting women.”
Thus, the grammatical analysis for both “Hubbadha” and “La Hubbadha” is as follows:
- Hubbadha
“Hubb,” a past tense verb sealed for praise constructed on an apparent fatḥa (ــَ), and “Dhā,” an index word constructed in place, serving as the subject.
- La Hubbadha
“La Hubb,” a past tense verb sealed for blame constructed on an apparent fatḥa (ــَ), and “Dhā,” an index word constructed in place, serving as the subject.
Types of Subjects in Praise and Blame Styles Using “Naim,” “Bais,” and “Sa’a”
The subjects—when the verbs of blame or praise include “Naim,” “Bais,” or “Hubbadha”—can be categorized into three types:
- The subject may be defined by “Al,” as in: “Naim, the homeland is Palestine,” “Bais, betrayal is the matter,” and “Sa’a, envy is the action.”
- The subject may be appended to a defined term, as in: “Naim, the people’s homeland is Palestine,” “Bais, the man’s matter is betrayal,” and “Sa’a, a person’s action is envy.”
- The subject may be an understood pronoun, distinguished by an indefinable object, as seen in: “Naim, Palestine is the homeland,” “Bais, betrayal is the matter,” and “Sa’a, envy is the action.”
- The subject may function as a relative pronoun like “Ma,” illustrated by: “Naim, what you visit is Palestine,” “Bais, what you do is betrayal,” and “Sa’a, what you do is envy.”
Grammatical Considerations for Specific Praise or Blame
The specific entity being praised or blamed has two grammatical interpretations:
First, it can be analyzed as a subject, with the preceding praise or blame forming its predicate. For instance: “Naim, the act of modesty,” where “modesty” is an advanced subject marked by an apparent ḍamma (ــُ), and the phrase “Naim the act” is a verbal clause serving as the predicate.
Second, it can be considered as the predicate of an omitted subject, which is represented by the word “He.” For example: “Naim, the act of modesty,” where “modesty” functions as the predicate of an omitted subject, marked by an apparent ḍamma (ــُ), with the underlying implication being: “He is modesty.”