Intense Exercise and Menstrual Irregularities
Menstrual irregularities, including the total absence of periods, can arise from engaging in high-intensity exercise. This is particularly observed among elite female athletes. Additionally, significant weight loss below the normal range—whether due to rigorous dieting, excessive exercise, or eating disorders—can also disrupt the regularity of menstruation.
The Impact of Certain Medications
Various medications can influence menstrual bleeding. The following are notable examples:
- Blood thinners
- Hormonal therapies
- Thyroid medications
- Epilepsy medications
- Antidepressants
- Chemotherapy agents
- Aspirin and Ibuprofen
Breastfeeding and Pregnancy
During breastfeeding, the hormone prolactin is released, which suppresses reproductive hormones, potentially leading to the absence or light occurrence of menstrual cycles. Once breastfeeding ceases, menstrual regularity typically resumes. Furthermore, pregnancy naturally halts menstrual flow.
Hormonal Contraceptives
Oral contraceptives may lead to light bleeding between periods and lighter menstrual flows. Conversely, a hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) can result in heavier menstrual bleeding.
Hormonal Imbalances
The hormones progesterone and estrogen play vital roles in the formation of the uterine lining. Therefore, any hormonal disruption can affect their levels in the bloodstream, leading to menstrual irregularities.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Irregular menstrual cycles are a common symptom of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Women affected by PCOS may experience missed periods for several months, along with heavier bleeding when menstruation does occur.
Other Contributing Factors
There are additional health conditions and factors that may influence menstrual regularity, including:
- Thyroid disorders
- Diabetes
- Endometriosis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Inherited blood disorders
- Benign tumors or cancers in the uterus, ovaries, or cervix
- Adenomyosis
- Anovulation
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Stress and anxiety