Allergic Reactions
Approximately 1 in every 15 individuals worldwide experiences allergic reactions to antibiotics, particularly penicillins or cephalosporins. The severity of these reactions can vary significantly from person to person, and the symptoms displayed will depend on the individual’s level of sensitivity.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Gastrointestinal issues associated with antibiotic usage may manifest as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal cramps. These side effects are more prevalent with certain types of antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones, penicillins, cephalosporins, and macrolides.
Fungal Infections
While antibiotics are effective in eliminating harmful bacteria, they can also disrupt the beneficial bacteria that the body relies on to combat fungal infections. Consequently, some individuals may experience fungal infections in areas such as the mouth, vagina, or throat.
Photosensitivity
Photosensitivity can increase when taking specific antibiotics, such as tetracycline. This heightened sensitivity makes the body more prone to sunburns. It is important to note that this condition typically resolves after discontinuation of the medication.
Staining of Teeth and Bones
The use of tetracycline can lead to the development of stains or discoloration on the enamel of the teeth. It is noteworthy that this effect does not diminish after stopping the antibiotic in adults, as their tooth development has ceased. However, discoloration in bones may fade, as bones continuously remodel themselves.
Fever
The occurrence of fever is often a side effect or symptom of allergic reactions to certain antibiotics, such as β-lactam antibiotics, cephalexin, minocycline, or sulfonamides.
Other Side Effects
In addition to the more common reactions, antibiotic use can lead to other less frequent yet potentially severe side effects, including:
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
- Blood disorders, which may involve low white blood cell counts (leukopenia) or decreased platelets (thrombocytopenia).
- Cardiac issues, such as arrhythmias or low blood pressure.
- Tendonitis.
- Seizures.
- Anaphylaxis.
- Clostridium difficile-associated colitis.
- Bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
- Kidney failure.