Ground Vibrations
Ground vibrations are one of the most significant effects of earthquakes, arising from the propagation of seismic waves through the Earth’s crust. These vibrations can range from mild tremors associated with minor quakes to violent shakes that occur during major seismic events. For instance, in 1964, the Alaska earthquake registered tremors that lasted up to seven minutes. During these ground vibrations, structures may suffer damage, and both humans and animals can experience challenges in maintaining balance and mobility.
Tsunami
Certain types of earthquakes can trigger secondary effects, notably tsunamis. The term ‘tsunami’ is derived from Japanese and translates to “harbor wave.” It refers to the sudden vertical displacement of the ocean floor due to earthquakes, underwater landslides, or volcanic eruptions. For example, a significant earthquake off the coast of Japan in 1896 generated tsunami waves that ranged from 3 to 30 meters in height, resulting in the tragic loss of approximately 22,000 lives.
Mountain Formation and Volcanism
The convergence of two large tectonic plates can lead to the formation of mountains, volcanoes, or deep oceanic trenches. Conversely, at divergent plate boundaries, these plates move apart, creating deep trenches that facilitate the flow of magma and the formation of volcanoes.
Land Fracturing and Soil Liquefaction
Land fracturing represents a critical consequence of earthquakes, occurring when seismic activity disrupts fault lines, causing the ground surface to crack. This phenomenon can result in the destruction of pipelines, tunnels, water channels, railway tracks, roads, and airport runways.
Earthquakes may also induce soil liquefaction, leading to building collapses, landslides, and rockfalls from hills and mountains. It is important to note that the severity and type of earthquake ultimately determine the extent of these effects.
The Impact of Earthquakes on Humans
The occurrence of earthquakes and their aftermath can expose individuals to injury or even death, in addition to causing psychological and emotional disturbances that may linger for years following devastating seismic events.