Notable Works of Ibn al-Muqaffa
Ibn al-Muqaffa is well-known for several significant writings and literary contributions, among which the following stand out.
Kalila wa Dimna
The tale of Kalila wa Dimna represents the lives of two animal characters—the jackals—whose legendary exploits have become a timeless narrative. Ibn al-Muqaffa skillfully translated this work from Persian, and over time, it became one of the earliest masterpieces in Arabic prose.
The original work is attributed to Vishnu Sharma, dating back to the 3rd century BC. A Persian physician associated with the Sasanian court in the 6th century, named Borzuya, translated it into Persian around 570 AD.
The book Kalila wa Dimna serves a purposeful function; it is not merely a collection of fables featuring anthropomorphic animals, but rather a profound commentary aimed at social reform, ethical guidance, and political direction. For example, the examination of Dimna’s case discusses the futility of a criminal’s attempts to evade justice and emphasizes that one must face appropriate consequences for their actions.
Ibn al-Muqaffa also created a Syriac translation, indicating that he may have merged both versions and added new content. The Arabic title of Kalila wa Dimna first emerged around 750 AD, following the Islamic conquest of Persia, and this edition has since endured and enriched global literature.
The Treatise on the Companions
This treatise encompasses a robust collection of values and wisdom relevant to the framework of governance. In this work, the term “companions” refers specifically to the associates of kings and rulers, encompassing their entourage, subjects, and soldiers.
In it, Ibn al-Muqaffa addresses the general policies of the state, possibly adapting them to the context of the Abbasid state and the Islamic populace. Nonetheless, the content of this treatise is primarily drawn from Sasanian royal systems.
The Small and Large Adab
In his works entitled The Small Adab and The Large Adab, Ibn al-Muqaffa presents a comprehensive view of human life, touching upon ethics, thoughts, interactions, and lifestyle. He emphasizes virtues and good character, fostering the aspirations of individuals with high ambition.
He encourages integrity, uprightness, and patience, advocating that these qualities should guide every path and utterance. The works exalt wisdom and reasoning, protecting those with discernment from errors and the pitfalls of passion and recklessness.
The Unique Pearl
This particular book is rich with essential advice across various aspects of life. Ibn al-Muqaffa has organized it into five sections covering fundamental principles, those in power, officials, knowledge, friendships, etiquette in conversation, and commendable traits.
It is worth noting that the writer Shakib Arslan took special interest in this book, and it is said to be one of only five works recognized by literary scholars for its quality. Although most of the text has been lost, some excerpts remain preserved in the book “Jamiʿ Bayān al-ʿIlm wa Faḍluh.”