Symptoms of Cerebellar Tumors
The cerebellum, located at the back of the head, plays a crucial role in coordinating voluntary muscle movements while maintaining postural balance. Consequently, the presence of a tumor in the cerebellum may result in the following symptoms:
- Unexplained vomiting accompanied by nausea, often occurring in the morning.
- Headaches.
- Increased intracranial pressure.
- Ataxia, along with difficulties in walking and movement.
- Loss of coordination in voluntary muscle actions.
Cerebellum Overview
The cerebellum consists of two hemispheres positioned posterior to the upper part of the brainstem, where the brain connects with the spinal cord. Although the cerebellum accounts for only 10% of the total brain mass, it contains nearly half of the brain’s neuronal cells. It receives nerve signals carrying information from sensory organs, the spinal cord, and various brain regions, thereby regulating muscle movement dynamics. This makes it essential for coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining body balance, and facilitating speech. Notably, any injury to the cerebellum does not lead to cognitive decline or paralysis but may result in loss of balance, tremors, and slowed movements. Additionally, complex physical tasks may become unstable or cease altogether.
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is believed to arise from remnants of the fetal granular cell layer in the cerebellum during embryonic development. This tumor represents less than 0.5% of all primary neuroectodermal tumors and accounts for 25% of all brain tumors in children. Most cases occur in individuals under 25 years of age. The tumor typically develops in the midline of the cerebellum and can infiltrate the subarachnoid space, leading to widespread dissemination via the cerebrospinal fluid. There is a possibility of metastasis beyond the skull to lymph nodes and bone. The obstruction of the fourth ventricle causes increased intracranial pressure, subsequently leading to the earlier mentioned symptoms. Medulloblastoma is treated with radiation and surgical removal, with a survival rate of 40-80% five years post-diagnosis.
Low-Grade Astrocytoma
Low-grade astrocytoma originates from a specific type of brain cell known as astrocytes. It is one of the most prevalent tumor types in children and is classified based on its location within the brain and its grade. Generally, the lower the grade, the less aggressive the tumor is. Low-grade astrocytoma is classified within grades one or two, with approximately 80% of cases falling under grade one. The underlying causes of astrocytoma remain largely unknown, although they are associated with certain genetic syndromes such as tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis. In addition to the aforementioned symptoms of cerebellar tumors, affected children may experience vision problems, increased sleepiness, and a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid, potentially leading to hydrocephalus.