Introduction of Confirmation Tools in Types of News
Confirmation tools are utilized in news sentences to emphasize their content, which varies based on the addressed individual’s perspective. The application is defined as follows:
- No confirmation tool is applied in the declarative type, where the news is presented to the person who accepts it without the need for affirmation.
- A single confirmation tool is introduced in the imperative type, which refers to the situation where the addressee is hesitant to believe the news.
- Two or more confirmation tools are often used in the negation type, where the addressee denies the news.
What Are the Confirmation Tools Used in Types of News?
Arabic language possesses various tools that serve to corroborate the news or the essence of the sentence they modify. The following are notable examples of these tools:
- إنّ
This is a particle resembling a verb, typically engaged with nominal sentences, where it nominates the subject and elevates the predicate. It is one of the most frequently used confirmation tools, as seen in the sentence: “إنّ الطالبَ مجتهدٌ.”
- Lām of Beginning
This lām is added to the subject in nominal sentences for affirmation. An example would be: “الطالبٌ مجتهدٌ أفضل من طالب كسول.”
- أما الشرطية
This particle indicates a condition and affirmation. For instance: “أمّا أخوك فلا تظلمه.”
- قد
This particle accompanies the past tense for confirmation and verification, as in: “قد فاز المجتهد بعد انتظار- قد نجح الطالب في الامتحان.”
- السين
This particle signifies future anticipation and confirmation, appearing in the present tense to reinforce the message, such as in: “الطالب المجتهد سينجح – يوم السفر سيأتي.”
- Oath
The oath relies on several particles, primarily the waw and tā, as it affirms the matter being sworn to. It is often used with “إنّ,” illustrated by: “واللهِ إنّ الامتحان سهل.”
- نون التوكيد
Both the heavy “نَّ” and the light moving nun signify confirmation and are utilized when attached to the present tense or imperative verbs, as seen in: “أنت اكتبَنْ الدرسَ-الطالب ليعملَنَّ واجبه.”
- Extra Prepositions
These prepositions do not carry the meaning of a standard preposition and are included as an emphasis tool. Notable examples include “الباء” and “من,” as in: “لست بخاسر- ما له من فائدة.”
Examples of Confirmation Tools in Types of News from the Holy Quran and Arabic Poetry
Below are several examples illustrating the application of confirmation tools within types of news as derived from the Holy Quran and Arabic poetry:
- {وَإِذْ أَخَذَ رَبُّكَ مِن بَنِي آدَمَ مِن ظُهُورِهِمْ ذُرِّيَّتَهُمْ وَأَشْهَدَهُمْ عَلَىٰ أَنفُسِهِمْ أَلَسْتُ بِرَبِّكُمْ ۖ قَالُوا بَلَىٰ ۛ شَهِدْنَا ۛ أَن تَقُولُوا يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ إِنَّا كُنَّا عَنْ هَٰذَا غَافِلِينَ}.
Confirmation Tools: The extra preposition “الباء” in “بربكم” and “إنّ.”
- {فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَأُعَذِّبُهُمْ عَذَابًا شَدِيدًا فِي الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ وَمَا لَهُم مِّن نَّاصِرِينَ}.
Confirmation Tools: “أما” for condition and the extra preposition “من”.
- {يَوْمَ تَبْيَضُّ وُجُوهٌ وَتَسْوَدُّ وُجُوهٌ ۚ فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ اسْوَدَّتْ وُجُوهُهُمْ أَكَفَرْتُم بَعْدَ إِيمَانِكُمْ فَذُوقُوا الْعَذَابَ بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَكْفُرُونَ}.
Confirmation Tools: “أما” for condition.
- {وَلَأَجْرُ الْآخِرَةِ خَيْرٌ لِّلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَكَانُوا يَتَّقُونَ}.
Confirmation Tools: The lām of beginning in “لأجر”.
- { إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَأَنذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنذِرْهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ}.
Confirmation Tools: “إنّ”.
- {قَالَتْ فَذَٰلِكُنَّ الَّذِي لُمْتُنَّنِي فِيهِ ۖ وَلَقَدْ رَاوَدتُّهُ عَن نَّفْسِهِ فَاسْتَعْصَمَ ۖ وَلَئِن لَّمْ يَفْعَلْ مَا آمُرُهُ لَيُسْجَننَّ وَلَيَكُونًا مِّنَ الصَّاغِرِينَ}.
Confirmation Tools: “لقد” and the nun of confirmation in “ليسجنن وليكونا”.
- The poet Al-Tughra’i said:
تاللّهِ ما استحسنَتْ من بعدِ فُرقَتِكُمْ
عيني سِواكم ولا استمتعتُ بالنَّظَرِ
Confirmation Tools: “تالله”.
- The poet Abu Qasim Al-Shabbi remarked:
يا مَوْتُ قدْ مزَّقْتَ صَدْري
وقَصَمْت بالأَرزاءَ ظَهْري
Confirmation Tools: “قد”.
- The poet Abu Al-Atahiyyah stated:
أَما وَاللَهِ إِنَّ الظُلمَ لومُ
وَما زالَ المُسيءُ هُوَ الظَلومُ
Confirmation Tools: “أما” and “والله”.
- The poet Abdul Razzaq Abdul Wahid commented:
خَوفاً على قلبِكَ المَطعون ِمِن ألَمي
سأطْبِقُ الآنَ أوراقي على قَلَمي
Confirmation Tools: “السين” in “سأطبق”.