Social Transformation
The Islamic State expanded significantly, encompassing numerous cities and diverse populations under its governance. During the caliphate of Osman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him), the state evolved from a localized authority centered in Medina, ruling over the Arabian Peninsula, into a global empire. This empire’s influence extended to regions including the Levant, Egypt, Africa, Armenia, Persia, and parts of the Mediterranean islands, giving rise to various individual ambitions.
The Ascendance of Osman Following Umar
The caliphate of Osman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him) succeeded that of Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him), highlighting the contrasting temperaments between the two leaders. Umar was known for his strong resolve and rigorous accountability for himself and those under his authority, while Osman exhibited a gentler disposition. These differences created an environment that contributed to the eventual assassination of Osman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him).
Deposition of Amr ibn al-As
One of the pivotal factors leading to the murder of Osman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him) was the removal of Amr ibn al-As (may Allah be pleased with him) from the governorship of Egypt. Osman appointed Abdullah ibn Sa’d ibn Abi Sarh in his place.
Osman relieved Amr from his duties and sent him a message instructing him to come to Medina, an order to which he complied.
However, Amr harbored grievances towards Osman for this decision, leading to some discord between them. Additionally, a faction in Egypt expressed resentment against Osman for dismissing certain companions and appointing others of lesser status, exacerbated by the local population’s discontent with Abdullah ibn Sa’d due to his focus on military campaigns in North Africa and the Berber territories.
Attempts to Incite Discord Against the Caliph
In Egypt, a faction actively sought to sow discord against Osman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him). They mobilized a group of individuals to travel to Medina under the pretense of performing Umrah in the month of Rajab, intending to confront Osman. The caliph instructed the esteemed companion Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) to meet them and escort them back to their origins.
The Role of Abdullah ibn Saba
A significant factor that contributed to the assassination of Osman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him) was a man named Abdullah ibn Saba. Originally a Jewish individual from Sana’a, he converted to Islam during Osman’s caliphate and traveled among Muslim territories.
This adversary sought to mislead the populace and gathered a group of malcontents, inciting them to travel to Medina to instigate discord among Muslims. He falsely claimed that Osman ibn Affan (may Allah be pleased with him) assumed the caliphate without rightful justification, attracting many Bedouins to his cause.