Sun Exposure
Prolonged exposure to the sun can lead to skin darkening, often manifested through the appearance of spots and pigmentation irregularities that develop over time. These spots typically take on an uneven shape and are most commonly observed as individuals age. Sunlight damages the skin’s pigment production cycle, which contributes to this process. Additionally, increased sun exposure can exacerbate the condition known as melasma, characterized by brown patches that contribute to skin darkening.
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation results in a darker appearance of the skin, which can present itself as small spots or larger areas of discolored skin. These pigmentation changes can occur anywhere on the body and arise from an overproduction of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. Various conditions and factors influence melanin production, including certain medications. According to the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, some chemotherapy drugs can lead to hyperpigmentation as a side effect. Additionally, endocrine disorders, such as Addison’s disease, can disrupt hormone levels, leading to increased melanin production. Other contributing factors to hyperpigmentation include skin inflammation and hemochromatosis, a condition involving excess iron levels.
Melasma
Melasma is characterized by the appearance of brown or dark brown patches on the skin, predominantly found on the face, particularly on the forehead, cheeks, and above the upper lip. This condition is more prevalent in women than in men and is often linked to hormonal changes during pregnancy or in women using oral contraceptives. The use of medications that sensitize individuals to sunlight, including certain cosmetics and drugs for ovarian or thyroid issues, can also increase the visibility of melasma.