Effects of Proteinuria
Proteinuria, defined as the presence of abnormal levels of protein in the urine, occurs when the kidneys fail to effectively filter out excess plasma proteins. The primary function of the kidneys is to prevent significant quantities of plasma protein from entering the urine, while also filtering minerals, fluids, and waste products from the bloodstream.
Symptoms of Proteinuria
The symptoms of proteinuria typically manifest in cases where there is significant protein loss from the body. In many instances, proteinuria does not present any noticeable symptoms and is often detected during routine screening of patients with conditions such as hypertension or diabetes. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Edema, or swelling, which can occur in various areas of the body including the abdomen, face, around the eyes, arms, hands, and legs.
- Decreased appetite.
- Weight gain due to fluid retention.
- Hypertension.
- Foamy urine.
Complications Associated with Proteinuria
Proteinuria can increase the risk of several complications, including:
- Cardiovascular diseases.
- Bacterial infections, such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
- Venous or arterial thrombosis, exemplified by renal vein thrombosis.
- Pulmonary edema, due to significant fluid accumulation in the body.
- Acute renal failure, resulting from severely reduced fluid levels in the blood vessels.
Treatment for Proteinuria
The treatment of proteinuria revolves around identifying and addressing the underlying cause. Proteinuria is not a standalone disease; for instance, if kidney disease is the cause, appropriate treatment is necessary to prevent progression to kidney failure. In some cases, physicians may prescribe medications to address proteinuria, particularly when it occurs alongside other conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Common medications include:
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).