Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis is an inflammatory response occurring in the lungs due to inhalation of various allergens present in the surrounding environment, including dust, mites, mold, and chemicals. It is important to note that symptoms typically do not appear immediately; rather, repeated exposure to low levels of these triggers or significant inhalation can lead to the onset of allergic reactions. In this condition, the alveoli within the lungs become inflamed and filled with white blood cells and fluids. If there is no further exposure to the allergen, the symptoms may improve within a few days. However, prolonged exposure may extend the lung inflammation duration, resulting in scarred lung tissue and subsequent difficulty in breathing. Acute episodes of hypersensitivity generally begin approximately six hours after exposure to allergens, and the following symptoms may present:
- Fever
- Shortness of breath
- Chills
- Dry cough
- General fatigue
- Chest tightness
- Unintentional weight loss, particularly with recurrent cases
Allergic Asthma
Allergic Asthma is characterized by excessive reactions to particular allergens in the respiratory tract and is the most prevalent form of asthma. Around 90% of children suffering from asthma experience various allergies, as opposed to only 50% of adult asthma patients. Upon encountering allergens in the lungs, the immune system reacts aggressively, leading to inflammation of the airways that become filled with thick mucus over time. Additionally, the muscles assisting in the breathing process may contract forcefully, worsening asthma attacks when exposed to strong scents or engaging in physical activities in cooler air conditions. Symptoms of allergic asthma are similar to those of other asthma types, which include:
- Chest tightness
- Coughing
- Wheezing during breathing
- Shortness of breath
- Rapid breathing
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis, an infection caused by Aspergillus fungi, can affect various organs in both humans and animals, although it predominantly impacts the lungs and sinuses. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is a specific form of the disease wherein individuals exhibit hypersensitivity to the fungal spores. This condition is often observed in asthma patients, as well as in those with bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms of ABPA mirror those of asthma, and patients may also expel brownish plugs of mucus when coughing. Diagnosis typically involves chest X-rays and laboratory tests, including blood and skin testing. Confirmation of the condition occurs through elevated levels of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and evidence indicating an allergic response to the fungi, either through the presence of specific antibodies in the individual or analysis of pulmonary fluid.