Causes of Cold Sores
Cold sores, also known as Herpes labialis, fever blisters, or oral herpes, are small, contagious blisters filled with fluid that cluster together to form lesions on or around the lips. When these blisters burst, they create scabs that may last for several days. Despite being commonly referred to as “cold sores,” their appearance is not primarily associated with the common cold. Instead, cold sores are primarily caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), although they can also be triggered by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Infection by either of these viruses can affect the oral area or the genitals and is transmitted through direct contact. This includes sharing eating utensils, razors, or towels, as well as through kissing or oral sex. It’s important to note that while this infection cannot be completely cured, its symptoms can be managed. The virus may remain dormant when the sores heal but can reactivate due to certain triggers. The virus remains contagious even when sores are not visible. Key factors that may reactivate the virus include:
- Decreased immune response due to conditions like fever, colds, or flu.
- Allergic reactions or consumption of certain foods.
- Injuries to the skin in the affected area.
- Aesthetic procedures or dental work.
- Fatigue and exhaustion.
- Emotional stress or anxiety.
- Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menstruation.
- Exposure to extreme temperatures, either hot or cold.
- Cracked and dry lips.
- Sunburns.
Risk Factors for Cold Sores
Most adults carry the virus, even if they have never exhibited symptoms, which means nearly everyone is at risk of developing cold sores. The likelihood of an outbreak increases when the immune system is compromised, particularly in the following scenarios:
- Use of immunosuppressive medications post-organ transplant.
- Chemotherapy for cancer treatment.
- Presence of atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema.
- Being diagnosed with AIDS, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
When to Consult a Doctor
It is advisable to see a doctor in the following situations:
- Experiencing severe pain at the site of the cold sore.
- Noticing blisters that are unusually large.
- Having sores that persist for ten days without improvement.
- Experiencing swelling of the gums with pain, or the presence of mouth sores, known as gingivostomatitis.