Impact of Plastic Bags on the Marine Environment
Plastic waste undergoes photodegradation due to ultraviolet (UV) rays present in sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface. These UV rays provide the necessary energy for oxygen atoms to bond with plastic polymers, weakening and making them brittle. This process results in the fragmentation of plastics into smaller pieces, leading to water pollution. Plastic waste, particularly plastic bags, is a primary contaminant of marine waters, accounting for up to 85% of pollution.
Marine life, including fish and other aquatic animals, often ingest these small plastic particles, which accumulate in their digestive systems. Instances of plastic found in species such as fish, shrimp, mussels, and even seabirds have been documented.
Effects of Plastic Pollution on Marine Ecosystems
Thousands of marine animals lose their lives due to plastic ingestion or entanglement. In fact, fish in the northern Pacific Ocean are estimated to consume between 12,000 and 24,000 tons of plastic annually, leading to intestinal blockages and death. This plastic then moves up the food chain to larger fish and marine mammals. Research has shown the following:
- One-quarter of fish in California’s markets contain plastic in their stomachs.
- Half of the world’s sea turtles have ingested plastic and suffered adverse effects.
- Approximately 60% of all seabird species have consumed plastic, with predictions indicating that this number will rise to 99% by 2050. Many deceased birds found on beaches were discovered with plastic in their bodies.
- Marine mammals often ingest plastic or become entangled in it; cases of various whale and dolphin species, along with sharks and coral reef fish, have been documented.
Consequences of Plastic Pollution on Food Sources and Human Health
Microplastics have been detected in tap water, beer, and salt from samples collected around the world’s oceans. Recently, their presence in human placentas has also been confirmed.
Furthermore, the chemicals used in plastic production are linked to cancer and can disrupt endocrine functions, leading to developmental, reproductive, neuropsychiatric, and immune disorders.
Toxic pollutants accumulate on the surfaces of plastic materials due to prolonged exposure to seawater. When marine organisms ingest these plastics, the toxins enter their digestive systems, subsequently infiltrating the food chain and potentially affecting humans over time.
Impact of Plastic Pollution on Tourism
The aesthetic value of tourist destinations is undermined by plastic waste, resulting in decreased tourism revenue. Additionally, there are significant economic costs associated with the cleanup and maintenance of these sites. The accumulation of plastic rubbish on beaches adversely affects the economy, wildlife, and the physical and mental well-being of individuals.
Plastic Pollution and Climate Change
In response to the improper disposal of plastic waste in oceans, some entities resort to burning plastic as an alternative. This practice contributes to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The United Nations is actively pursuing solutions to plastic pollution through its Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.