Honoring Humanity in Islam
The Holy Qur’an affirms the significance of God’s honor for humanity. This honor encompasses the creation of individuals, the subjugation of the universe for their benefit, and the sending of messengers to guide them. Numerous verses throughout the Qur’an highlight this honor using various expressions, all of which contain clear indications of the vital role and immense responsibility of human beings in this life. A notable example is found in the verse where Allah states, “And We have certainly honored the Children of Adam and carried them on the land and sea and provided for them of good things and preferred them over much of what We have created, with [definite] preference.” The term “honored” in this verse is coupled with “preferred” over all of God’s creations, underscoring the elevated status of humans. The repetition of the term from “karama” signifies the special grace bestowed upon humanity. This honor negates any notions of inferiority, different from material wealth, and includes aspects like their known form, stature, beauty, and the provision of sustenance both in land and sea, highlighting the uniqueness of the gifts that Allah granted them.
Imam Al-Qurtubi, may Allah have mercy on him, elaborated on various aspects of this human honor as discussed by scholars and interpreters. These aspects include the ability to articulate and discern, the straight and elevated posture, and their dominion over other creatures. Additionally, faculties such as speech, writing, and comprehension further illustrate the significant distinctions and honors afforded to humanity. Al-Qurtubi pointed out that the central element validating the preference of humans is intellect, which serves as the foundation for moral responsibility and understanding of God’s word. Indeed, the sacred texts elaborate on various dimensions of honor, suggesting that manifestations of this honor begin with humans’ inherent capabilities, such as free will and equality, followed by their preparation for life, as well as the guidance provided by messengers on navigating their existence. Hence, no material value on this earth surpasses or undermines the worth of a human being.
The Impact of the Gift of Intellect on Humanity
The Qur’an elevates the status of intellect, highlighting that those who possess it are constantly reflecting on the greatness of Allah. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) linked duty, accountability, and punishment to the presence and functioning of the intellect in human beings. Intellect is the distinguishing feature of humanity; it is the source of thoughts and the faculty that allows for comprehension, actions, and management of affairs. However, intellect can deteriorate and fall into disarray if one turns away from the truth and succumbs to whims. Moreover, it acts as a bridge between faith and real-world issues, thanks to inherent tools and abilities that facilitate understanding and discernment, aiding individuals in fulfilling their roles in striving for renewal until the Day of Judgment. In Islam, intellect is the criterion for moral responsibility, as divine commands are addressed to rational beings, a realization exclusive to those who possess reason. The importance of intellect also extends to other dimensions, which are outlined as follows:
- It serves as a tool for understanding religious rulings and adhering to them.
- It enables reflection on the universe, the self, and religious tenets, thus strengthening faith.
- It helps refine morals and guide behavior.
- It equips individuals with the understanding of Islam, prophethood, goodness versus evil, and truth versus falsehood.
- It encompasses performing virtuous actions, acquiring merits, and avoiding vices and sins.
The Status of Intellect in the Qur’an and Sunnah
A careful examination of the verses in the Qur’an addressing intellect reveals that Allah has consistently mentioned it with respect and honor. The Qur’an strongly encourages contemplation, which encompasses all functions and characteristics of intellect. Analyzing the verses and hadiths discussing intellect further uncovers its esteemed position within Islamic law. Here are some highlights:
- The Qur’an praises those endowed with intellect in numerous verses, such as Allah’s pronouncement: “He gives wisdom to whomever He wills, and whoever is given wisdom has certainly been given much good.”
- It emphasizes that intellect serves as the foundation of responsibility. Imam Al-Izz ibn Abd al-Salam has noted a consensus among Muslims that intellect is the basis of moral accountability. Notably, those who pass away in a state of insanity or childhood before reaching maturity will be exempt from judgment on the Day of Resurrection. The Prophet (peace be upon him) stated, “The pen has been lifted from three: the insane until they regain sanity, the sleeping until they awaken, and the child until they reach maturity.”
- Scriptural texts encourage reflection and contemplation. One finds numerous verses urging individuals to utilize their intellect through observation, reflection, and meditation on Allah’s creations.
- The texts criticize blind imitation. Both the Qur’an and the Sunnah condemn the act of following others without critical thinking, which leads to the neglect of personal intellectual development.
- The Islamic law opposes myths, superstition, and anything that undermines the role of intellect and diverts it from its genuine functions. To affirm this, Islam prohibits practices that manipulate people’s minds, such as divination, sorcery, and talismans.