Rules of the Silent Noon and Tanween
The term “silent noon” refers to the noon that is free from diacritical marks, while “tanween” represents the double diacritical marks that appear at the end of a word, such as two fatha, two kasra, or two damma. The rules governing these concepts can be categorized into four main types, as outlined below:
Pronunciation (Izhhar)
This rule involves articulating the silent noon or tanween clearly without any nasal sound (ghunnah). There are six letters associated with this pronunciation rule: the hamzah, ha, ain, ha, kha, and ghain. This type of pronunciation is known as “throat pronunciation” because these letters are articulated from the throat.
Assimilation (Idgham)
Assimilation occurs when the silent noon or tanween is integrated with the subsequent letter classified under the assimilation category. This results in the pronunciation of both as a single, doubled letter, resembling the following letter. Assimilation is divided into two types: with nasal sound (ghunnah), where the nasal sound is evident during articulation, including the letters ya, noon, meem, and waw; and without nasal sound, which includes the letters lam and ra.
Concealment (Ikhfa)
This rule refers to the utterance of silent noon or tanween in a manner that is neither fully articulated (as in idgham) nor fully pronounced (as in izhhar) when followed by one of the letters of concealment. It is crucial to avoid emphasizing the silent noon or tanween during pronunciation. There are thirteen letters in this category: sad, dhal, thaa, kaaf, jeem, sheen, qaf, seen, dal, taa, zay, faa, taa, dhad, and dhaw.
Conversion (Iqlab)
Conversion involves substituting one letter for another. In this case, it pertains to the letter ba. Specifically, it requires replacing the ba with a concealed meem, accompanied by the manifestation of a nasal sound, when the silent noon or tanween encounters the ba.
Rules of the Silent Meem
The term “silent meem” is defined as the meem that remains unmarked in both pause and continuation. It can occur at the center or end of a word, whether in a noun, verb, or particle. There are three key rules related to the silent meem, described as follows:
- Oral Concealment: This involves a single letter, which is ba. When the silent meem meets the letter ba, the meem is concealed within the ba, and the reader continues with a nasal sound. This type of concealment is called “oral concealment” due to the shared point of articulation of the meem and ba.
- Simple Assimilation: This occurs when the silent meem precedes a moving meem. In this case, the first meem is assimilated into the second, pronounced as a single doubled meem, while maintaining the nasal sound.
- Oral Pronunciation: This is the clear pronunciation of the meem and the letter of oral articulation without any alteration or nasal sound when the silent meem encounters one of the oral articulation letters. The letters of this category comprise 26 letters, with the only exceptions being the letters meem and ba.
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