The Qanun Musical Instrument
The qanun is a stringed instrument derived from the Greek word (kanōn), which translates to “rule.” It features a trapezoidal shape and serves as a fundamental instrument in Eastern music. The qanun encompasses three musical scales, with three strings assigned to each note. Its versatility in producing various tones makes it an indispensable component of any orchestral ensemble. The history of the qanun dates back to the Assyrian period around the 19th century BCE, with its usage referenced by the Abbasids. While European musicians transitioned to the piano, the qanun remained a significant feature in Eastern music. The instrument is played by placing a small piece between the index finger and a metal prong, producing sound through the vibration of the strings. Typically, the qanun is made from sycamore and maple wood.
Components of the Qanun Musical Instrument
The qanun consists of the following components:
Sound Box
The soundbox is crafted from sycamore wood and has a trapezoidal shape, measuring 75 to 100 centimeters on the longer side and 29.7 centimeters on the shorter side, with a width of 36.3 centimeters. It includes both a top and bottom soundboard.
The Joint
This component bridges the upper and lower soundboards and incorporates 3.5 musical scales.
Levers
The levers are utilized to adjust the notes by lowering or raising them as needed.
Lever Adjuster
Constructed from iron, the lever adjuster is responsible for tuning the notes. Each string typically has five levers that can be modified during play.
Main Head
All strings are connected to this part of the qanun.
Bridge
The bridge is a small wooden piece with a cylindrical shape at the bottom and a hole for the string to be attached.
Bridge Bar
Made of wood, the bridge bar is affixed to the soundbox and features multiple holes, ranging from 63 to 84 in number. Each set of three holes forms a group known as a maqam, which is used to secure the bridges.
The Base
This refers to the smaller base of the soundbox.
Tuning Key
The tuning key is made from aluminum or copper and is used to adjust the pegs for tuning purposes.
Purfling
The purfling is crafted from wood and is mounted on supports. It is movable and utilized to enhance sound amplification.
Support
This component is made from ivory and has a trapezoidal shape, acting as a connector between the purfling and the soundboard.
Sound Holes
Sound holes are essential for creating resonance, characterized by various diameter openings located on the surface of the soundbox.
Sound Post
The sound post is crafted from wood and is secured above the soundbox by the bridge bar, providing pathways for the strings to pass through.
Frame
The frame is made of wood and divided into four or five sections referred to as “kailah.” Its purpose is to amplify sound and is covered with a piece of fish skin.
The Mouth
Located near the larger base on the soundbox’s surface, the mouth is an opening that is not round.
Metal Pins
Constructed from metal, these pins serve to lengthen or shorten the strings and are installed at the mouth, with five pins assigned to each string.
Plectrum
The plectrum is an accessory used to play the qanun, crafted from metal and positioned between the index fingers to initiate playing.
Reed
This tool, used for playing the qanun, is made from animal horn, measuring approximately 1 centimeter wide, with one end rounded to allow for plucking the strings.