Chemical Instruments
In chemical laboratories, a variety of instruments are employed directly during experiments. The following are some essential tools:
- Analytical Balance: Also known as a Mettler balance, this digital scale measures mass with high precision, up to 0.1 mg.
- Centrifuge: This device is utilized to separate components of liquid samples through rotational motion.
- Pipets: These tools are designed to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid, with various types available.
- Volumetric Flask: Used for the accurate preparation and measurement of solutions.
- Spectrophotometer: This instrument measures light intensity in relation to its wavelength.
- Gas Chromatograph: A device for separating the chemical components of complex samples.
- Simple Microscope: Employed for magnifying objects for closer examination.
- Graduated Cylinders: These precise instruments are used to measure liquid volumes in milliliters.
- Test Tubes: Utilized for mixing, storing, or heating substances.
- Thermometer: A tool for measuring temperature in either Celsius or Fahrenheit.
- Funnel: Designed for pouring liquids into containers with small openings.
Computational Chemical Tools
Numerous computer-based tools and software aid medical chemists during the drug discovery process. These resources provide scientists with easy access to information and facilitate calculations of chemical properties. Some notable tools include:
- ChemAxon: This platform offers various desktop tools, including the Marvin drawing tool, as well as additional components for calculating a range of physical properties.
- LigandScout: A software tool utilized for three-dimensional drug design.
- StarDrop: An analytical software package that accelerates compound activity discovery, enabling the creation of multiple plots for data comparison and selecting matched molecules within a molecular dataset.
Evolution of Chemical Instruments
Chemistry involves the study of the properties and structure of materials, the transformations they undergo, and the energy released or absorbed during these processes. Additionally, it examines atomic properties and the laws governing their combinations. Over the past century, chemists primarily employed wet chemistry methods, which involved testing with beakers, flasks, and test tubes, alongside rudimentary chemical techniques. The emergence of commercial laboratories led to the adoption of specialized physical equipment. Between 1930 and 1970, the analytical revolution significantly advanced scientific disciplines and brought about transformative changes in the instruments used in chemical experiments.