Causes of the Fall of the Sumerian Civilization
The decline of the Sumerian civilization can be attributed to a variety of factors. Below are the key reasons for this downfall:
Occupation of Sumer by the Gutians
In the late stages of its existence, the Sumerian state faced invasions from the Gutians, who occupied the region for an extended period. This invasion led to considerable chaos and destruction across numerous Sumerian cities. Although the Gutian rule was characterized by weakness, several ruling dynasties emerged, each under the leadership of a local king who aimed to expel the Gutians and regain control over various cities and territories. Noteworthy among these were the Fourth Dynasty of Ur, the Second Dynasty of Lakh, the Fifth Dynasty of Uruk, and the Third Dynasty of Uruk.
Each of these dynasties governed specific regions within the Sumerian state and sought to consolidate power over the cities they had liberated. This rivalry eventually sparked conflicts and disputes among them, driven by ambitions to expand their influence and to secure the title of king among the Sumerians.
Conflict Among the Sumerian Ruling Families
These internal disputes led to warfare and violence among the ruling families, costing the Sumerians many lives. Such conflicts inflicted severe damage on the economy and resulted in the destruction of several cities. Each dynasty sought control over water channels, crucial for agriculture, while others attempted to enlarge their territories. This relentless struggle created internal unrest that further weakened their authority.
Imposed Taxes
Various economic and social factors contributed gradually to the decline of Sumerian civilization. During the reign of the dynasties, significant class disparities emerged, granting the rulers and wealthy landowners the ability to monopolize resources. They imposed heavy taxes on the lower social classes, leading to extreme financial strain that forced many individuals to sell their possessions to meet their tax obligations.
It is worth noting that some individuals rose in revolt, demanding their rights and seeking social and economic reforms. However, all such attempts ultimately failed, leaving the tax burdens unchanged.
Neglect of Agriculture, Trade, and Industry
The ongoing power struggles among rulers diverted their focus toward strengthening military forces and capturing cities, neglecting the needs and welfare of the populace. This oversight extended to key sectors such as agriculture, industry, and trade, as well as other vital domestic affairs. Consequently, this neglect contributed to the weakening of these states, paving the way for their eventual collapse.