Periodic Table Elements in Arabic by Group
The periodic table (in English: Periodic table) can be defined as the arrangement of all known elements based on their increasing atomic number and recurring chemical properties. Currently, the periodic table comprises 118 recognized elements, organized into rows and columns.
Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to publish a modern version of the periodic table in 1834. He arranged the elements according to their atomic weights (molar masses), revealing that elements with similar chemical properties tended to be grouped together. Mendeleev’s table was so effective that he was able to predict the existence of elements that had yet to be discovered at that time.
The periodic table is structured into vertical columns numbered from 1 to 18, where elements within the same group exhibit similar chemical properties due to their valence electrons, which are the electrons in an atom’s outer shell. The following sections will outline the elements of the periodic table according to their respective groups, along with the names of these groups:
Group 1 Elements
Group 1 includes hydrogen and the alkali metals, characterized by having one electron in their outermost shell. This group is referred to as the alkali metal group and is also known as Group 1A. The elements in this group are generally less dense than other metals and possess the largest atomic radius within their respective periods, along with low ionization energy and low electronegativity. The elements in this group consist of:
| Name in Arabic | Element Symbol |
| الهيدروجين | H |
| الليثيوم | Li |
| الصوديوم | Na |
| البوتاسيوم | K |
| الرابيديوم | Rb |
| السيزيوم | Cs |
| الفرانسيوم | Fr |
Group 2 Elements
Group 2 is known as the alkaline earth metals group and is also referred to as Group 2A. All elements in this group are reactive metals that display distinct colors when ignited. These elements possess two electrons in their outermost shell and are known for easily forming divalent cations. They exhibit low electron affinity and low electronegativity. The elements in this group are:
| Name in Arabic | Element Symbol |
| البيريليوم | Be |
| المغنيسيوم | Mg |
| الكالسيوم | Ca |
| السترونتيوم | Sr |
| الباريوم | Ba |
| الراديوم | Ra |
Group 3 Elements
Group 3A, also known as group 13, includes boron and predominantly metals. Boron itself is a metalloid. Both boron and aluminum have three electrons in their outer electron shell. This group comprises five elements:
| Name in Arabic | Element Symbol |
| البورون | B |
| الألمنيوم | Al |
| الجاليوم | Ga |
| الإنديوم | In |
| الثاليوم | Tl |
| النيهونيوم | Nh |
Group 4 Elements
Group 4A, or group 14, is known as the carbon group and features a combination of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. Both carbon and silicon have four electrons in their outer electron shell. The elements found in this group include:
| Name in Arabic | Element Symbol |
| الكربون | C |
| السيليكون | Si |
| الجيرمانيوم | Ge |
| القصدير | Sn |
| الرصاص | Pb |
| الفليروفيوم | Fl |
Group 5 Elements
Group 5A, or group 15, is referred to as the nitrogen group, containing a mix of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. Nitrogen and phosphorus each have five electrons in their outer electron shell. The elements included in this group are:
| Name in Arabic | Element Symbol |
| النيتروجين | N |
| الفسفور | P |
| الزرنيخ | As |
| الأنتيمون | Sb |
| البزموث | Bi |
| المسكوفيوم | Mc |
Group 6 Elements
Group 6A, also known as group 16 or the oxygen group, includes a combination of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. This group is classified as a transitional group, where both oxygen and sulfur contain six electrons in their outer electron shell. The elements in this category are:
| Name in Arabic | Element Symbol |
| الأكسجين | O |
| الكبريت | S |
| السيلسنيوم | Se |
| التيليريوم | Te |
| البولونيوم | Po |
| الليفرموريوم | Lv |
Group 7 Elements
Group 7A, known as group 17, is called the halogens. These elements are highly reactive nonmetals. This group uniquely contains elements in all three physical states at room temperature and standard pressure: fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid.
Halogens exhibit diverse physical properties but share highly reactive chemical characteristics, possessing seven valence electrons. Consequently, these elements typically show an oxidation state of -1. The elements in this group are:
| Name in Arabic | Element Symbol |
| الفلور | F |
| الكلور | Cl |
| البروم | Br |
| اليود | I |
| الأستاتين | At |
| التينيسين | Ts |
Group 8 Elements
Group 8A, also referred to as group 18, consists of noble gases, which are recognized for their lack of reactivity. Each noble gas has a filled outer electron shell and exhibits very low electronegativity or electron affinity. The elements in this group include:
| Name in Arabic | Element Symbol |
| الهيليوم | He |
| النيون | Ne |
| الآرجون | Ar |
| الكريبتون | Kr |
| الزينون | Xe |
| الرادون | Rn |
| الأوغانيسون | Og |
Conclusion
The periodic table serves as a comprehensive collection of discovered or synthesized chemical elements, arranged in groups and periods. Elements within the same group share chemical characteristics, with the total number of groups in the periodic table being 18, numbered from 1 to 18. These can be summarized into eight main groups, in addition to the transition metals located from groups 3 to 12.